The parts of speech
The eight parts of speech that form sentences and a description of each.
What is Grammar?
Grammar
makes up all the words and structures in a sentence.
What are the parts of speech?
The parts of
speech are nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions,
conjunctions and interjections.
What is a noun?
A noun is
used to name a person, place, thing, quality or idea. A few examples of each
are Bill, Detroit
What are the two types of nouns?
The two
types of nouns are proper nouns and common nouns.
What is a proper noun?
A proper noun is used to name a
specific person, place or thing. Such as Bill Gates, New
York and the Hudson River . A
proper noun is always capitalized.
What is a common noun?
A common noun is used to name one or all
members of a class or group. Such as a boat, woman, light and minutes. A common
noun does not have to be capitalized. Common nouns can be concrete or abstract.
Concrete nouns are used to name things people can use their senses to “see.”
Abstract nouns are used to name intangible things such as qualities (sweetness)
and ideas (freedom).
What is a pronoun?
A pronoun is used in the place of a
noun or phrase. There are many types of pronouns: personal, relative,
interrogative, reflexive, intensive, demonstrative and indefinite.
Personal
pronouns are used to refer to specific nouns. Such as: I, me, you, yours, they,
he, it, and us.
Relative
pronouns introduce dependent clauses. Such as: who, whom, that, which, what and
whose.
Interrogative
pronouns introduce a question. Such as: who, whose, whom, what and which.
Reflexive and intensive pronouns deal
with the self. Such as: myself, herself, yourselves and themselves. The
difference between them is that reflexive nouns name the receiver of an action
and intensive pronouns emphasize a noun.
Demonstrative pronouns show which nouns
perform or receive the action. Such as: this, these, that and those.
Indefinite pronouns are used to show
an unspecific number of nouns. Such as: all, few, many, none, other, something,
anyone and neither.
What is a verb?
A verb is used to show an action or
a state of being. Such as: jump, run, cook and drive. There are three types of
verbs.
What are the three types of verbs?
The three
types of verbs are regular, irregular and linking. Regular verbs end in –ed or
–d. Irregular verbs change forms, such as write changes to wrote. Linking verbs
express a state of being, such as shows or appears.
What is an adjective?
An adjective is used to describe or
specify a noun or pronoun. Such as: green, big, that, this and her only.
What is an adverb?
An adverb is used to modify a
verb, adjective and other adverbs. They show when, where, why and how. Such as:
never, often, above, there, then, not, almost and perhaps.
What is a preposition?
A preposition is a word that is
used with a noun or pronoun to form a phrase that shows where, when, how and
why. They are commonly used to elaborate on the subject of a sentence. Such as:
about, above, because, but, by, except, in, into, on, off, to, with, without
and up.
What is a conjunction?
A conjunction is used to connect
words and phrases to show order and ideas. Such as: and, but, or, nor, for, so
and yet.
What is an interjection?
An interjection is used to show
surprise or emotion. They are usually short phrases such as “oh no!” or “Good
Lord!”
Inflectional and derivational morphology
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Inflectional morphology is a part of
the study of linguistics.
To apply an inflection
is to change the form of a word so as to give it extra meaning. This extra
meaning could be:
·
Number
·
Person
·
Case
·
Gender
·
Tense
·
Mood
·
Aspect
·
Politeness
(as in the Japanese language)
Inflectional
morphology manifests primarily in the form of a prefix, suffix, or vowel change. Circumfixes
and infixes
can also occur, but these are relatively rare.
An example
of suffixes in inflectional morphology:
·
"I have an apple" - apple singular
·
"I have apples" - apples plural
The word apples differs from apple
only in the sense that the former indicates more than one fruit. This
distinction is mandatory in English, optional in Korean, and impossible in
Japanese. Yet other languages require the speaker to distinguish the number two
of something, called the dual
form of a noun. Forms for higher numbers, such a trial and paucal have also been recognized.
An example
of vowel changes in inflectional morphology:
·
"I throw the pencil" - throw present tense
·
"I threw the pencil" - threw past tense
Again, throw and threw are not
different words. threw is the result of inflectional morphology being applied
to the root word
throw.
English is
relatively poor in inflectional morphology. Other Indo-European languages have
a richer system of inflection morphology. Latin is a typical example
of a language with a very rich system of inflectional morphology.
Inflectional Morphology
Morphology that interacts with syntax
(sentence structure) is called INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY Some examples are:
·
person
·
number
·
gender
·
noun class
·
case
·
tense
Inflectional morphemes never change the
category. Inflectional morphemes do not change the "core" meaning of
the word. Inflectional morphemes usually occur "outside" derivational
ones: "Boston-ian-s" not *"Boston-s-ian". But some
left-headed compounds have the plural "inside":
"attorney-s-general", "mother-s-in-law". But there is a
tendancy to re-analyze these compounds: "attorney-general-s".
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